Deck of 124 blank cards numbered one through 124. Spectator randomly picks any five cards. The magician picks one of those five cards as Target and has spectator put it in their pocket. Then the magician arranges other four cards in a sequence that his assistant can decipher to determine the Target card.

ENCODING (magician) calculation synopsis:
mod five on all five cards to determine 1-5 value (if zero make it 5) position of the Target card. Then Target (1 thru 124) value plus constant 5 then minus the 1-5 value then divide by constant 5 (round down) to get the 1-24 value to rearrange the four remaining cards.

DECODING (assistant) calculation synopsis:
Mod five on the four cards giving 1-5 value.
Look at four cards sequence and determine the 1-24 value then multiply that by constant 5 then add 1 then subtract the 1-5 value. Adjust up by 1 for each of 4 cards passed or hit. This arrives at the Target card number.

Details about the 1-24 number used by both the encoding and decoding calculations:
Note that there are 24 combinations that the four cards can be arranged in and if say 16 is the combination number this means to use the 16th combination. Here is how we figure that combination:
A. there are four groups of six combinations
B. those four groups are 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24
C. the 16 falls in the 13-18 group which is the third group this means that the first of the four signal cards must be the third highest.
Now for the other three cards they use the standard Fitch Cheney signaling sequence of 1-6 using the low medium high technique to pinpoint which one of the six by:
LMH=1
LHM=2
MLH=3
MHL=4
HLM=5
HML=6
so in our example 16 is the 4th number within the 13-18 range therefore the remaining three cards must signal the number 4 therefore the 3 numbers must be in medium high, low, order in our example of 16. Note that the 1-24 number is NOT the target number but is used to help calculate the target number.

Note that instead of blank cards numbered one through 124 you could use three regular decks and write in big numbers on their backs:
redback cards 1-52
blue Back cards 53-104
green back cards (only 20) 105-124
or
instead of carrying a fat deck you could have a random spectator call out five numbers in that range (1-124) and you the magician write those numbers on a large pad (so all can see) and work from there.

Note that mathematicians have referred to or described the 124 trick but in terms that are difficult for non-mathematicians to understand therefore I Larry Finley and brother David Finley have tried to state this in a way that an average magician can understand and do this trick.

I have also written a spreadsheet that can serve as the assistant on a cell phone thereby allowing the magician to do this 124 trick anytime without having a human assistant.

According to my research mathematicians who have written about this 124 version:
Elwyn Berlekamp (deseased)
Stein Kulseth
Gadiel Seroussi
Michael Kleber and wife Jessica Polito
Bill Cheney
Norman Do
Ravi Vakil
Colm Mulcahy
Tsai Simonson
Tara Holm
Art Benjamin
Persi Diaconis
Note according to my research Michael and Jessica are the first I can find to actually perform the 124 version before live audiences in 2001-2002.

I know there is another large thread about the Fitch Cheney etc tricks but I wanted to share a very specific solution to the 124 variant here.